Chinese President Xi Jinping gets 21-gun salute at White House

Washington: For the second time this week, the White House South Lawn is the setting for a grand welcome ceremony. This time, it's for Chinese President Xi Jinping.

The ceremony for the Chinese leader looks similar to the one the White House held on Wednesday for Pope Francis, but with a few notable exceptions.

The crowd is far smaller for Xi's welcome and the ceremony includes the traditional 21-gun salute.

The White House says it skipped the firing of weapons when Francis arrived in deference to the pope's humility.

President Barack Obama and Xi stood side by side as a military band played the national anthems of both countries.

Obama, Xi to test limits of personal ties

Obama and Xi are expected test the limits of their personal ties during their meeting as they wade into issues that have exacerbated tensions: China's cyberspying in the US and Beijing's territorial disputes in the Asian Pacific.

US officials said Obama and Xi would release a joint statement on climate change fleshing out how they plan to achieve targets for cutting carbon emissions set at a bilateral summit in Beijing last year. Xi also planned to announce a blueprint for a nationwide cap-and-trade system beginning in 2017, one that would cover highly-polluting sectors ranging from power generation to papermaking.

China will also offer a "very substantial financial commitment" to help poor nations transition to low-pollution technologies, the US officials said, without releasing the exact figure.

Climate change is one of the few areas where bilateral cooperation has proceeded smoothly in recent months, largely because Beijing has struggled to contain heavy air, water and soil pollution that has destroyed farmland, sent cancer rates soaring and left its cities cloaked in dense smog.

The progress on China has been offset by disputes over cyberespionage and territorial claims that have spooked US partners in the region.

"The assumptions that many people had, that cooperation on transnational threats like climate change would ameliorate problems in geopolitical arenas, were wrong," said Michael Green, White House Asian Affairs director under President George W Bush and current senior vice-president at the Center for Strategic and International Studies.

US officials had hoped for broader cooperation between Obama and Xi since the pair's unusually informal 2013 summit at the Sunnylands estate in southern California. Last year, Obama traveled to Beijing, and the two leaders strolled in the sprawling gardens next to the Forbidden City and met over a lengthy private dinner where details of the climate change agreement were finalized.

In recent weeks, however, US officials have been taking a tougher line publicly against China's hacking, saying it is reaching epidemic levels. Officials have warned of retaliatory sanctions on businesses and individuals.

"This is not just a matter of us being mildly upset, but is something that will put significant strains on a bilateral relationship if not resolved, and that we are prepared to take some countervailing actions," Obama said this month.

Obama administration officials say China is getting the message. After national security adviser Susan Rice sharply warned Beijing about its actions during a visit to lay the groundwork for Xi's trip, China dispatched its top domestic security official to Washington to try to stave off sanctions ahead of the president's arrival.

China has denied being behind cyberspying in the US and says that it, too, is a victim of such espionage.

Lu Kong, a spokesman for the Chinese delegation, said progress on high-level cyber dialogue were contingent on "mutual benefit, mutual respect and equality."

"Without that, I don't think there will be any cooperation," Lu said.

Obama and Xi are also expected to discuss China's disputed territorial claims, which have unnerved some US partners in Asia. The US is particularly concerned about China's building of artificial islands with military facilities in the South China Sea.

Foreshadowing Obama's message to Xi on the matter, Rice said this week that, "The United States of America will sail, fly, and operate anywhere that international law permits."