India has begun the process of passing what many think is its most important economic reforms. The Goods and Services Tax will simplify indirect taxation in India and some think merely this simplification would add a couple of points to teh GDP. Others disagree. What other reforms can we expect? Not many and none the size of GST. If the expectation was that the Modi government would legislate dramatic change, this expectation has been let down. The GST bill being pushed as a big reform is the idea of the Congress government and had actually been opposed by Mr Modi. When he won the general election, he changed his position and I think that is very good.
In an interview to the Wall Street Journal some time ago, Mr Modi said he himself did not know what big reforms remained in India. He said: “When I came to the government, I used to sit down with experts and ask them to define what is the ‘big bang’ for them,” Mr Modi said. “Nobody could tell me.” He said much of the reform now concerned the states and he would look to states to liberalise labour laws. “Labour reform should not just mean in the interest of industry,” Mr Modi said. “Labour reform should also be in the interest of the labourer.” These words show that Mr Modi is cautious.
I think the PM is absolutely right. What exactly are the big bang reforms left in a country which is no longer socialist? Both the ruling party and the Opposition stand in favour of liberalisation. The fact is that not much remains to be liberalised. But if this is so, and not much legislative change is to be anticipated, what does that mean for growth? I believe that the present rate of six or seven per cent will not be exceeded in the medium term, meaning the next decade or so. And the passing of time will make maintaining even this growth rate more difficult. We should not expect 10 per cent growth simply because no big change is on its way.
The state of economic growth in the outside world is not favourable to India. Things are slowing down and jobs are disappearing faster. For a long period we had anticipated the loss of jobs in manufacturing. This is now happening because the cost of borrowing money is lower than employing labour. Automation has even begun hitting services jobs. Mohandas Pai, formerly of Infosys, says: “I think in the IT sector, may be 10 per cent minimum of incremental jobs that are created will disappear. That means every year if they create 2 to 2.5 lakh jobs, 25,000-50,000 jobs will disappear.”
According to him, middle-level managers account for 10 per cent — or 450,000 people — of the 45 lakh strong IT industry in India. Half of them (2,25,000) would lose jobs over the next decade as their work would get automated. “There are today lots of people (who are mid-level managers) earning between Rs 30 lakh and Rs 70 lakh (per annum). Half of them will lose their jobs in the next 10 years,” Mr Pai said.
This is very bad news for Indian cities like Bengaluru, Mumbai, Gurgaon, Pune and Hyderabad. Service sector jobs have been the backbone of growth in these cities. Automation of service jobs means that this work will no longer need to be sent to India. We will need to figure out new ways of keeping our urban middle class youth employed, something that we have not had a problem doing in the last two decades.
Service sector jobs through English were the easiest way for the poor to enter the middle class. Entry level jobs vanishing will mean this social mobility will end.
We should expect that the social unrest that is currently in the smaller cities, like the agitation of the Patidars in Gujarat and the Jats in Haryana, will intensify. I do not think the government is preparing the population to face these facts. The picture being painted is extraordinarily rosy and the various episodes of unrest are being explained in localised fashion rather than the building up of a national crisis.
Mr Modi would do well to explain the nature of the task that remains for his government in terms of legislation. And he should explain more clearly that no more “big bang” reforms should be expected and that any change that will now come will be largely externally forced upon India. We have a very difficult period ahead of us. Fortunately we have a popular government and a popular leader who is ideally placed to take us into confidence.
