The Narendra Modi government has gone into a self-congratulatory overdrive over the World Bank’s latest Ease of Doing Business index (EODB) rankings. Higher EODB rankings are signified by a low numerical value and are meant to indicate better, usually simpler, regulations for businesses and stronger protections of property rights. The EODB index is meant to measure regulations directly affecting businesses and does not directly measure more general conditions such as a nation’s proximity to large markets, quality of infrastructure, inflation, or crime.
A nation’s ranking on the index is based on the average of 10 sub-indices. These relate to the time taken to start a business; getting building sanctions, but not buying the land; getting a power connection; registering purchase of property; getting credit sanctioned; protection of investors; taxation; foreign trade; enforcement of contracts; filing for insolvency or forcing bankruptcy. All these steps should be automatic, but they are not.
Each represents a rent collection point, which usually require bribes to move further. Our problem is not that we don’t have well-worn procedural tracks. The problem is vulnerability to extortion even for the routine and normal. Usually, if one is willing to pay rent collectors, the ease of doing business index score will be very good. Only going by shortness of procedures and whether forms can be filled online will give us an erroneous feeling of comfort.
In the real India, it takes 123 days to get a building plan sanction, and 1,445 days in court to get a judicial verdict on a civil dispute. Incidentally, India has shown improvement in only four sub-indices, with the other six being as before or fallen behind. This suggests that declared reforms on insolvency, getting a company registration or Sebi regulations to protect shareholders have boosted our ranking without much change in the real world.
No Indian business can start or function without enabling agents or consultants. A large part of the wealth of South Delhi is due to this activity. It’s the same in state capitals and district headquarters. Business consultancy masks many activities. The biggest among them is the business of liaising, and this is increasingly a part of the service corporate lawyers and chartered accountants offer. Very little has changed here. To judge by the EODB index is like judging a policeman for the cleanliness and crispness of his uniform rather than his proclivity to corruption and professional skills. As a nation, we are good at dressing up for the occasion.
There are indexes that are more relevant and more useful in setting national priorities. Recently, the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) released the Global Hunger Index (GHI). The IFPRI report said: “India is ranked 100th out of 119 countries, and has the third-highest score in all of Asia — only Afghanistan and Pakistan are ranked worse.” The report further went on to say: “At 31.4, India’s 2017 GHI (Global Hunger Index) score is at the high end of the ‘serious’ category, and is one of the main factors pushing South Asia to the category of worst performing region on the GHI this year, followed closely by Africa south of the Sahara.”
India keeps a pretty low place in most development indexes. In the world’s Human Development Index (HDI), India ranks 131 out of 168 countries, and is in the company of all other South Asian countries except Sri Lanka (73). Sri Lanka is better placed than even China, which is ranked 90. Only Kerala can be compared to Sri Lanka. The HDI of Kerala is India’s highest, with 0.790, which would place it ahead of China, while the other end of the spectrum is Chhattisgarh, with 0.358, which would place it just alongside Chad, one of the world’s poorest and most backward countries. At 0.790, Kerala would find a high place in the HDI list of nations.
Other indices are just as damning. India’s abysmal track record at ensuring basic levels of nutrition is the greatest contributor to its poverty, as measured by the new international Multi-dimensional Poverty Index (MPI). About 645 million people, or 55 per cent of India’s population, is poor as measured by this composite indicator, made up of 10 markers of education, health and standard of living achievement levels.
The new data also shows that even in states generally perceived as prosperous like Haryana, Gujarat and Karnataka, more than 40 per cent of the population is poor by the new composite measure, while Kerala is the only state in which the poor constitute less than 20 per cent. The MPI measures both the incidence of poverty and its intensity. A person is defined as poor if he or she is deprived on at least three of the 10 indicators. By this definition, 55 per cent of India is poor, close to double India’s much-criticised official poverty figure. Almost 20 per cent of Indians are deprived on six of the 10 indicators.
This form of analysis gives us a set of measures that try to objectively lay a premise for performance. There are other evaluation yardsticks favoured by somewhat self-serving NGOs like the World Economic Forum and industry bodies like CII, Ficci and Assocham. The most popular one is the Index of Economic Freedom. This index is the lesser-known big brother of the World Bank’s EODB. Like Maruti is to Hanuman. But what is “economic freedom”?
The notion of economic freedom traces its origins to a series of seminars between 1986-94 sponsored by the Fraser Institute of Canada and hosted by Milton and Rose Friedman. Milton Friedman is a Nobel Prize-winning economist and his brand of economics stands at the most rightward fringe of the spectrum. His policy preferences have been criticised by John Kenneth Galbraith and Amartya Sen, among others, as insensitive to people.
The annual “Economic Freedom of the World Report” ranks countries on their level of economic freedom. It had India at 111 along with the Bangladesh, Nepal, Iran and Pakistan, and way below countries with few real freedoms like UAE (11), Kuwait (19), Oman (20), Jordan (23) and El Salvador (56). Thus, while its index considers Saudi Arabia to be mostly free, it considers India to be mostly unfree, like China!
Economic freedom is not about good government. It is not even about economic achievements. It is about the least government and looking most business-friendly. This is the index that Bibek Debroy, then working at the Rajiv Gandhi Foundation (RGF) headed by Sonia Gandhi, used to give Gujarat the first place in the development sweepstakes. Mr Modi went to town with full-page advertisements, stressing that it was a RGF study. At that time, I had written this was the kind of self-goal the Congress excels in. He was soon let go. It was what took him to the Niti Aayog and now to the PM’s Economic Advisory Committee.
India’s tryst with destiny can only be halted by the unfulfilled aspirations of its wanting millions. Now think of this, India is the third largest economy in the world in PPP terms and it is predicted that by 2050 it will be a $30-55 trillion economy, depending on whose projections is music to your ears. 2050 is just 33 years from now, and in a nation’s lifetime that’s a mere blink. This is not daydreaming.
In 1990-91, when P.V. Narasimha Rao initiated the first dismantling of the centrally-planned state, the GDP of India at current US dollar levels was a little over $200 billion. Just 27 years later it is more than a dozen times that. Increasing 20-fold in 33 years isn’t really a tall order. But we must first reduce inequality between people and regions, lest they become even bigger and more contentious. Thus, HDI and GHI will determine India’s overall outcome rather than EODB or “Economic Freedom”.
