India is the world's second most populated country with 1.25 billion people. It is the 10th largest economy and represents around 2.5 per cent of the global GDP. Economic growth in India has steadily risen over time, resilient even during the global economic crisis. In 2014-15 growth was 7.3 per cent and is projected to accelerate in the years ahead. India has more than 18 per cent of the world’s population, but only 4 per cent of the world’s renewable water resources and 2.4 per cent of world’s land area. There are limits on usable water owing to uneven distribution.
The bulk of inflows in the rivers, especially in the southern peninsula, takes place during June to October. This requires storage of water. Irrigation is a state subject as per the Indian Constitution. However, the Government of India has the responsibility of inter-state river planning. The Centre should play an ombudsman’s role in proper planning and management of river basins. For the second year in a row, India had a deficient monsoon last year. The deficit as forecast by IMD was about 14 per cent. Although rainfall deficit was felt pan-India, the intensity was higher in the peninsular parts. In the five states of South India, the rainfall deficit has been greater than 20 per cent.
As a consequence of poor rainfall, water storage in key reservoirs is about 22 per cent lower than last year, which could have large impacts on agriculture.
Agriculture is the largest sector that uses water, and water scarcity mainly affects it. To tide over such situations a lot of research needs to happen in the agriculture sector to develop crop varieties, which require less water.
Telangana could be highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change due to its semi-arid climate. The agro-climate of the state is semi-arid, conducive for cultivation of agriculture and horticulture crops with an average annual rainfall of 960 mm.
The gross cropped area is 50 per cent of the geographical area. The agriculture sector contributes 17.2 per cent to the state’s GDP (2012-13) and remains the mainstay for 65 per cent of the state's population. Over 85 per cent of the farmers belong to the small and marginal category with an average landholding size of 1.11 hectare. As many as 63 per cent of the farmers in Telangana depend on rain fed agriculture, resulting in lower yields per unit area (Socio Economic Outlook 2015).
Simultaneously, Telangana is undergoing a changed socio-economic situation as a consequence of the drought conditions prevailing in the state. The Telangana state water sector investment strategy is based on two main pillars. First, to utilise the state’s unutilised share of allocated river waters (mostly in the Godavari basin) and surplus flood waters to augment supplies of water for various uses by taking up re-engineering of the projects: and second, to concurrently improve and modernise irrigation service delivery/performance of existing irrigation infrastructure by taking up restoration of all minor irrigation tanks under Mission Kakatiya.
India has extensive groundwater resources and is the largest user of groundwater globally. India extracts about 245 billion cubic metres of groundwater per year, which represents about 25 per cent of global groundwater extraction. Groundwater use spurred the Green Revolution and currently provides for 65 per cent of irrigation. Over 80 per cent of rural and urban domestic water requirement in India is met by groundwater.
But India's groundwater resources are under threat from uncontrolled and over abstraction and contamination. The present practice of groundwater development by the individual farmer has resulted in inequity as well as unsustainable management of resources. Since groundwater occurs in an aquifer and is not confined to the land holdings of the individual farmer, it is imperative that for sustainable use, groundwater resources are managed by the aquifer based community instead of an individual well owner. The primary task should be assessment of ground water availability and delineation of aquifers across the country for planning the recharge of aquifers.
At present there is no framework to enable the aquifer level community to manage the groundwater. It is necessary to develop a legal framework for enabling the community to assess the groundwater availability in the aquifer, prioritize the uses and allocate the groundwater resources available in the aquifer for various uses.
Climate change alone could increase demand for irrigation in several river basins, including the Brahmaputra, Brahmari, Chotanagpur, Eastern Ghats, Godavari, and Sahyada, while water stress is expected to increase in some of these river basins in future.
The water sector is faced with critical challenges. First, competition among different water using sectors (irrigation, urban/rural domestic water supplies, industry, etc.) and even within the same sector among various water users (for example, in irrigation sector among the head, middle and tail reaches of farmers) is increasing, giving rise to disputes and conflicts. Second, the poor quality of irrigation service delivery is undermining the performance of irrigated agriculture. Third, outdated irrigation/water management practices and low use of modern technologies are resulting in poor irrigation service deliveries and resulting in decrease in water use efficiency low productivity of water as well as irrigated agriculture.
Tank irrigation is well suited and developed in southern India, especially in Telangana state. Renovation restoration and rehabilitation on minor irrigation sources brings in food security in the villages and improves overall nutritional standards. Rehabilitation of the tanks will also improve groundwater levels, which will bring more area under cultivation. The restoration of tanks should be taken up on a watershed approach for sustainable irrigation. More emphasis should be given to improving water use efficiency by adopting water efficient technologies in cultivation and by crop diversification. Judicious use of irrigation water is required to get more crop per drop.
Conjunctive use of surface and ground water should be encouraged for optimum utilization of canal water and to more water productivity. Although India has made some improvements over the past decades regarding both the availability and quality of drinking water systems, its large population, especially in rural areas, are left out the least mandated 40 litres per day.
Regardless of improvements in the drinking water system, many other water sources are contaminated with both bio and chemical pollutants, and over 21 per cent of the country’s diseases are water-related. One concern is that India may lack overall long-term availability of replenishable water resources. In addition, water scarcity in India is expected to worsen as the overall population is expected to increase to 1.6 billion by the year 2050. The need of the hour is to provide clean and safe drinking water to the population.
With a view to providing safe and clean drinking water to all, Telangana state has taken up Mission Bhagiratha under which all habitations and towns will be covered with safe and clean drinking water. Care should be taken not to contaminate the water bodies by putting in place stringent legislation. Polluters should be forced to pay the price.
Water is a finite resource and managing water in days of rapid socio-economic growth and change is challenging. Decentralised water harvesting by adopting watershed approach along with measures at domestic level like percolation tanks should be adopted for improving ground water level. Water saving techniques at the farm level should be followed by changing cropping patterns. Sprinkler and drip irrigation methods should be followed for judicious use of water. System deficiencies should be rectified to arrest leakages and seepages.
