Thyroid hormone deficiency can be life-threatening

Hypothyroidism is a condition characterized by an insufficient amount of thyroid hormone in the body, with the thyroid hormone responsible for regulating various biological functions. Its deficiency can significantly impact the overall functioning of the body. An estimated fifteen crore people in our country are affected by hypothyroidism, with many unaware of their condition. Research indicates a higher prevalence of the disease in individuals residing in plains and hilly areas, such as Hyderabad, Warangal, and Bangalore, compared to those in coastal regions like Visakhapatnam, Chennai, and Mangalore. The global prevalence of hypothyroidism exceeds commonly advertised figures.

The thyroid gland, situated in the front lower part of the neck, lacks ducts (venous gland). As a result, the hormone it produces is released directly into the bloodstream, influencing various body functions from the heart and brain to the digestive system and skin. Responsible for controlling metabolism, the thyroid hormone determines body temperature, heart rate, and calorie utilization from food. Hypothyroidism arises when the thyroid gland fails to produce sufficient hormones, leading to a slowdown in metabolism and a lack of energy despite nutritional intake, resulting in weakness.

Symptoms of hypothyroidism

The condition affects individuals of all ages but is more prevalent in women. Common indicators include swelling of the thyroid gland, extreme fatigue, slow heart rate, unexpected weight gain, depression, dry skin, excessive hair loss, and constipation. Symptoms in children may manifest differently, with cold extremities, increased sleep, lack of growth, stomach upset, a puffy face, and constipation. Timely medical attention is crucial for diagnosis, involving tests such as TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) and T4 (Thyrogyne), as well as ultrasound or thyroid scans to check for gland inflammation.

Causes of thyroid gland damage

The primary cause is Hashimoto's thyroiditis, an autoimmune disease where the body produces antibodies attacking and destroying the thyroid gland. Viruses and other factors can also contribute to thyroid dysfunction. Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone production, sourced from foods like salt, milk, chicken eggs, and fish. Insufficient iodine leads to hypothyroidism. Certain medications for heart problems, psychiatric disorders, and cancer treatments may decrease thyroid hormone production. Neck radiation for cancer treatment can damage thyroid cells, reducing hormone production. Surgical removal of the thyroid gland may also result in hypothyroidism.

Treatment

Treatment for hypothyroidism typically involves thyroid hormone pills, with synthetic T4 serving as a substitute for the body's natural T4. Regular blood tests monitor hormone levels, enabling doctors to adjust medication doses as needed.

Untreated hypothyroidism can lead to serious complications, including heart issues, joint problems, infertility, and obesity. Pregnant women with hypothyroidism risk fetal development issues, as the baby relies on the mother's thyroid hormone during the first three months of pregnancy. Kamineni Hospitals, equipped with advanced diagnostic tools and experienced endocrinology professionals, offer comprehensive care for thyroid and other endocrine gland issues, including hormone replacement therapy and growth hormone testing.

The article is authored by Dr. Sandeep Reddy, Senior Endocrinologist, Kamineni Hospitals, Hyderabad.